Skip to Main Content

Health Sciences - Postgraduate and Research Support: Systematic and Scoping Reviews

Review Framework

 

The below frameworks can assist in developing a clear research question as well as putting together a clearly outlined search strategy for finding literature. 

ECLIPSE Expectation  Client group Location Impact Professionals Service Examples
PEO Patient / Problem / Population Exposure Outcome       What are the nurses (population) attitudes (outcome) towards artificial intelligence (exposure)?
PCC Population Concept Context       What patient information programmes (context) are available to undergraduate students (population) to be healthpreneurs (concept)?

PICO

(Quantitative)

Population Intervention Comparison (if relevant) Outcome     Are emergency contraception pills (intervention) compared to long term contraception pills (comparison) effective in reducing pregnancy (outcome) among adolescents (population)?

PICo

(Qualitative)

Population/Problem Phenomenon of Interest Context       What are the experiences of new undergraduate students with online learning at university?
PICOs Population Intervention Comparison (if relevant) Evaluation Study design  

A quantitative (study design) evaluation (evaluation) of introducing a lifestyle intervention program (intervention) to diabetic patients (population) compared to diabetic patients that are not part of the lifestyle program

PICO(T) Population Intervention Comparison Outcomes Timepoints  

Toddlers and vitamin C as a placebo for colds and flu

SPICE Setting Population or Perspective Intervention Comparison Evaluation   What are the benefits (evaluation) of administering PREP (intervention) at university clinics (setting) to first-year undergraduate students compared to first-year postgraduate students (comparison)
SPIDER Sample (the group your research is focused on) Phenomenon of Interest Design Evaluation Research Type   What are the experiences (evaluation) of adolescent girls (sample) taking TB treatment (phenomenon of interest)

Sources: Booth (2006); Cooke et al. (2013); Covidence (n.d.); Covidence (2024); Foster & Jwel (2022); Methley et al. (2014); Noyes et al. (2023) and UWC (2022)

Different Types of Reviews

Source: Covidence (n.d.)

Scoping Reviews (Broad Question - Identify Evidence and possible Gaps)

Source: Mellor (n.d.)

Registering a Protocol

How To Conduct A Systematic Review and Write-Up in 7 Steps

Writing your Search Strategy

Video: How to Search for Journal Articles

How to Search for Journal Articles

Entry Terms Synonyms Other terms/synonyms

How to use MeSH

How to use Emtree

Articles

Databases

Reports or other publications

Grey Literature

Reporting Evidence Synthesis

Scoping Review vs Systematic Review

Image source: JBI (2020)

Systematic Reviews (Focused Specific Question - Derive a Conclusion)

Source: Covidence (n.d.)

Registering a Protocol: Where to Register Protocols?

"An open source, multidisciplinary web application that connects and supports the research workflow. Researchers use the OSF to collaborate, document, archive, share, and register research projects, materials, and data. OSF can be used to pre-register a systematic review protocol and to share documents such as a Zotero library, search strategies, and data extraction forms.

Disciplines: All

Unlike other registries, evidence synthesis author teams do not submit their protocols for review by an editorial board before they are accepted and pre-registered on OSF. Instead, create your own pre-registration (instructions here).

OSF has a Generalized Systematic Review Registration Form that is designed for use across disciplines and evidence synthesis types (e.g., scoping reviews, meta-analysis). Check out an example of a pre-registered systematic review and meta-analysis protocol here.

Disciplines: Healthcare

Disciplines: Business and Management, Crime and Justice, Disability, Education, International Development, Knowledge Translation and Implementation, Methods, Nutrition, and Social Welfare

Disciplines: Environmental issues

Disciplines: Health and Social Care, Welfare, Public Health, Education, Crime, Justice, and International Development."

Source: Cornell University (2024)

"Accepts a wider variety of protocols, including scoping reviews. Retrospective protocol registration is possible but is strongly discouraged.  Protocols are usually published within 48 hours" (Covidence, n.d.). 

An International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) is a stable, unique identifier used to identify a protocol or proposal (RR1 papers) and link it to all subsequent results papers (RR2 papers). The IRRID is based on the DOI of the protocol paper (See What is a Registered Report? and Elements of an IRRID. Click link for more information.

"Iincludes all types of research studies including systematic reviews. Allows prospective and retrospective registrations (Covidence, n.d.). . 

Data Extraction Templates

Examples: Completed Thesis and Dissertations

   

Examples: Journal Articles

    

Books: Meta-Analysis, Meta-Synthesis, Scoping or Systematic Review

       

 

Top 5 Tips for High-Quality Systematic Review Data Extraction